| 2026年高考数学上海春-20 |
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2026-10-10 17:52:57 |
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(18分)已知双曲线$\Gamma :\dfrac{x^{2}}{2}-\dfrac{y^{2}}{2}=1$,过点$M(m,0)$作不垂直于$x$轴的直线$l$交双曲线$\Gamma$于$A$、$B$两点. (1)求双曲线离心率; (2)若点$A(\sqrt{3},1)$,点$B$在双曲线的右支上,且$B$是$AM$的中点,求直线$l$的斜率; (3)若$m > 0$,$F_{1}$,$F_{2}$分别是双曲线$\Gamma$的左右焦点,$A\prime$是$A$关于$y$轴的对称点,若存在直线$l$使得$\overrightarrow{F_{1}A\prime }\cdot \overrightarrow{F_{2}B}=0$,求$m$的取值范围. 〖答案〗(1)$\sqrt{2}$. (2)$\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}+3}{3}$. (3)$(\dfrac{4}{3}$,$2)\bigcup (2$,$+\infty )$. 〖分析〗(1)根据双曲线的方程与离心率的计算公式,即可得解; (2)利用中点坐标公式写出点$B$的坐标,代入双曲线的方程,并结合$m$的取值范围,求得$m$的值,再根据斜率的计算公式,求解即可; (3)设过点$M(m,0)$的直线$l:x=ty+m(t\ne 0)$,将其与双曲线方程联立,结合向量数量积的坐标运算与韦达定理,求解即可. 〖解答〗解:(1)由题意知,$a^{2}=b^{2}=2$, 所以离心率$e=\dfrac{c}{a}=\dfrac{\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}}{a}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{2}}=\sqrt{2}$. (2)因为$M(m,0)$,$A(\sqrt{3},1)$,$B$为线段$AM$中点, 所以$B(\dfrac{m+\sqrt{3}}{2},\dfrac{1}{2})$, 又$B$在$\Gamma$右支上,代入$\Gamma$得$\dfrac{(m+\sqrt{3})^{2}}{4}-\dfrac{1}{4}=2$,且$\dfrac{m+\sqrt{3}}{2}\ge \sqrt{2}$,解得$m=3-\sqrt{3}$, 所以直线$l$斜率$k=k_{AM}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}-m}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}-3+\sqrt{3}}=\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}+3}{3}$. (3)由双曲线$\Gamma :\dfrac{x^{2}}{2}-\dfrac{y^{2}}{2}=1$知,$F_{1}(-2,0)$、$F_{2}(2,0)$, 设$A(x_{1}$,$y_{1})$,$B(x_{2}$,$y_{2})$,则$A'(-x_{1}$,$y_{1})$, 设过点$M(m,0)$的直线$l:x=ty+m(t\ne 0)$, 联立$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x=ty+m}\\ {{x}^{2}-{y}^{2}=2}\end{array}\right.$,消去$x$得,$(t^{2}-1)y^{2}+2mty+m^{2}-2=0$,显然$t^{2}-1\ne 0$,即$t^{2}\ne 1$, 由韦达定理得$y_{1}+y_{2}=\dfrac{-2mt}{t^{2}-1}$,$y_{1}y_{2}=\dfrac{{m}^{2}-2}{{t}^{2}-1}$,其中△$=(2mt)^{2}-4(t^{2}-1)(m^{2}-2)=4(2t^{2}+m^{2}-2) > 0$,即$2t^{2}+m^{2}-2) > 0$①, 所以$\overrightarrow{{F}_{1}A'}\cdot \overrightarrow{{F}_{2}B}=(-x_{1}+2$,$y_{1})\cdot (x_{2}-2$,$y_{2})=(-x_{1}+2)(x_{2}-2)+y_{1}y_{2}$ $=(-ty_{1}+2-m)(ty_{2}+m-2)+y_{1}y_{2}$ $=(1-t^{2})y_{1}y_{2}-t(m-2)(y_{1}+y_{2})-(m-2)^{2}$ $=(1-t^{2})\cdot \dfrac{{m}^{2}-2}{{t}^{2}-1}-t(m-2)\cdot \dfrac{-2mt}{{t}^{2}-1}-(m-2)^{2}=0$, 整理得$t^{2}=(m-1)^{2}\ne 1$②, 由①②解得$m > \dfrac{4}{3}$且$m\ne 2$, 所以实数$m$的取值范围为$(\dfrac{4}{3}$,$2)\bigcup (2$,$+\infty )$. 〖点评〗本题考查直线与双曲线的综合,熟练掌握双曲线的几何性质,向量数量积的坐标运算,灵活运用韦达定理是解题的关键,考查逻辑推理能力和运算能力,属于中档题.
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