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2026年高考数学上海-20

  2026-10-10 17:52:57  

(18分)已知双曲线$\Gamma :x^{2}-y^{2}=1$,$P$为$\Gamma$上一点,$F_{1}$,$F_{2}$分别为左、右焦点.
(1)求点$(2,0)$到$\Gamma$渐近线的距离;
(2)若$\overrightarrow{PF_{1}}\cdot \overrightarrow{PF_{2}}=1$,求△$PF_{1}F_{2}$的面积;
(3)已知$\Omega$为双曲线$\Gamma$满足$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x >  0}\\ {y\ge -1}\end{array}\right.$和$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x <  0}\\ {y\le -1}\end{array}\right.$的部分,过$F_{2}$的直线$l$与$\Omega$相交于$P$,$Q$两点,且分别位于第一、四象限,过$F_{2}$的直线$m$与$\Omega$相交于$M$,$N$两点,且分别位于第三、四象限,是否存在实数$\lambda$,对任意的直线$l$,都存在唯一的直线$m$,使得$\lambda \vert PQ\vert =\vert MN\vert$?若存在,请求出$\lambda$的取值范围,若不存在,请说明理由.
〖答案〗(1)$\sqrt{2}$.
(2)$\sqrt{2}$.
(3)存在$\lambda \in [\dfrac{9}{7}$,$+\infty )$满足题意.
〖分析〗(1)求解渐近线方程,利用点到直线的距离公式求解即可.
(2)设出$P$的坐标,利用向量的数量积,结合三角形的面积公式求解即可.
(3)联立直线与双曲线方程,结合弦长公式,转化求解即可.
〖解答〗解:(1)由题意,渐近线方程为$y=\pm x$,由对称性,不妨取$y=x$,
故点$(2,0)$到渐近线的距离为$\dfrac{\vert 2-0\vert }{\sqrt{2}}=\sqrt{2}$.
(2)由题意,$F_{1}(-\sqrt{2}$,$0)$,$F_{2}(\sqrt{2}$,$0)$,设$P(x_{0}$,$y_{0})$,$x_{0}^{2}-y_{0}^{2}=1$,
故$\overrightarrow{PF_{1}}=(-\sqrt{2}-x_{0}$,$-y_{0})$,$\overrightarrow{PF_{2}}=(\sqrt{2}-x_{0}$,$-y_{0})$,
故$\overrightarrow{PF_{1}}\cdot \overrightarrow{PF_{2}}=x_{0}^{2}-2+y_{0}^{2}=1$,$x_{0}^{2}+y_{0}^{2}=3$,故解方程得$y_{0}^{2}=1$,$\vert y_{0}\vert =1$,
故$S_{\triangle PF_{1}F_{2}}=\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot \vert F_{1}F_{2}\vert \cdot \vert y_{0}\vert =\sqrt{2}$.
(3)由题意,直线$l$斜率不为0,故设$l:x=py+\sqrt{2}$,$P(x_{1}$,$y_{1})$,$Q(x_{2}$,$y_{2})$,
故$\left\{\begin{array}{l}x=py+\sqrt{2}\\  x^{2}-y^{2}=1\end{array}\right.\Rightarrow (p^{2}-1)y^{2}+2\sqrt{2}py+1=0$,$p^{2}-1\ne 0$,△$=8p^{2}-4p^{2}+4 > 0$,
故$\left\{\begin{array}{l}y_{1}+y_{2}=\dfrac{-2\sqrt{2}p}{p^{2}-1}\\  y_{1}y_{2}=\dfrac{1}{p^{2}-1}\end{array}\right.$,由$y_{1}y_{2} < 0\Rightarrow p\in (-1,1)$,
故$\vert PQ\vert =\sqrt{(x_{1}-x_{2})^{2}+(y_{1}-y_{2})^{2}}=\sqrt{1+p^{2}}\cdot \sqrt{(y_{1}+y_{2})^{2}-4y_{1}y_{2}}=\dfrac{2+2p^{2}}{1-p^{2}}$,
故设$f(p^{2})=\dfrac{2+2p^{2}}{1-p^{2}}=2+\dfrac{4p^{2}}{1-p^{2}}$,$p^{2}\in [0$,$1)$,当$p^{2}=0$时,$f(p^{2})=2$,
当$p^{2}\in (0,1)$时$f(p^{2})=2+\dfrac{4}{\dfrac{1}{p^{2}}-1}\in (2,+\infty )$,可得$\vert PQ\vert \in [2$,$+\infty )$,
同理,设$m:x=qy+\sqrt{2}$,$M(x_{3}$,$y_{3})$,$N(x_{4}$,$y_{4})$,同理得$q^{2}-1\ne 0$,$\left\{\begin{array}{l}y_{3}+y_{4}=\dfrac{-2\sqrt{2}q}{q^{2}-1}\\  y_{3}y_{4}=\dfrac{1}{q^{2}-1}\end{array}\right.$,
由题意,不妨设$y_{3}\leqslant -1 < y_{4} < 0\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{l}y_{3}+y_{4} <  0\\  y_{3}y_{4} >  0\\ (y_3+1)(y_{4}+1)\le 0\end{array}\right.\Rightarrow q\in (1$,$2\sqrt{2}]$,
同理$\vert MN\vert =\dfrac{2+2q^{2}}{q^{2}-1}=2+\dfrac{4}{q^{2}-1}\in [\dfrac{18}{7}$,$+\infty )$,
由$f(q)=2+\dfrac{4}{q^{2}-1}$,在$q\in (1$,$2\sqrt{2}]$时,是单调函数,
故只需$\dfrac{18}{7}\leqslant \lambda \cdot 2$,即$\lambda \geqslant \dfrac{9}{7}$时,满足题意,
综上,存在$\lambda \in [\dfrac{9}{7}$,$+\infty )$满足题意.
〖点评〗本题考查直线与双曲线的位置关系的综合应用,是较难题.

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