| 2026年高考数学天津-17 |
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2026-10-10 17:46:28 |
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(15分)在长方体$ABCD-A_{1}B_{1}C_{1}D_{1}$中,$AB=2$,$AA_{1}=3$,$AD=4$,$A_{1}E=3ED_{1}$,$2C_{1}F=FC$. (1)求证:$BD\bot$面$CEF$. (2)求面$AEF$与面$CEF$的夹角的余弦值; (3)求三棱锥$A-CEF$的体积.
 〖答案〗(1)证明:如图,以$A$为坐标原点,$AB$为$x$轴,$AD$为$y$轴,$AA_{1}$为$z$轴,建立空间直角坐标系,
 则$A(0$,0,$0)$,$B(2$,0,$0)$,$D(0$,4,$0)$,$C(2$,4,$0)$,$A_{1}(0$,0,$3)$,$B_{1}(2$,0,$3)$, $D_{1}(0$,4,$3)$,$E(0$,3,$3)$,$F(2$,4,$2)$, 所以$\overrightarrow{BD}=(-2$,4,$0)$,$\overrightarrow{CE}=(-2$,$-1$,$3)$,$\overrightarrow{CF}=(0$,0,$2)$, 则$\overrightarrow{BD}\cdot \overrightarrow{CE}=(-2)\times (-2)+4\times (-1)+0\times 3=4-4=0$,$\overrightarrow{BD}\cdot \overrightarrow{CF}=(-2)\cdot 0+4\cdot 0+0\cdot 2=0$, 所以$BD\bot CE$,$BD\bot CF$, 又$CE$、$CF\subset$平面$CEF$,$CE\bigcap CF=C$, 所以$BD\bot$平面$CEF$. (2)$\dfrac{\sqrt{15}}{5}$. (3)2. 〖分析〗以$A$为坐标原点建立空间直角坐标系,利用空间向量的应用求解即可. 〖解答〗解:(1)证明:如图,以$A$为坐标原点,$AB$为$x$轴,$AD$为$y$轴,$AA_{1}$为$z$轴,建立空间直角坐标系,
 则$A(0$,0,$0)$,$B(2$,0,$0)$,$D(0$,4,$0)$,$C(2$,4,$0)$,$A_{1}(0$,0,$3)$,$B_{1}(2$,0,$3)$, $D_{1}(0$,4,$3)$,$E(0$,3,$3)$,$F(2$,4,$2)$, 所以$\overrightarrow{BD}=(-2$,4,$0)$,$\overrightarrow{CE}=(-2$,$-1$,$3)$,$\overrightarrow{CF}=(0$,0,$2)$, 则$\overrightarrow{BD}\cdot \overrightarrow{CE}=(-2)\times (-2)+4\times (-1)+0\times 3=4-4=0$,$\overrightarrow{BD}\cdot \overrightarrow{CF}=(-2)\cdot 0+4\cdot 0+0\cdot 2=0$, 所以$BD\bot CE$,$BD\bot CF$, 又$CE$、$CF\subset$平面$CEF$,$CE\bigcap CF=C$, 所以$BD\bot$平面$CEF$. (2)由(1)得平面$CEF$的一个法向量为$\overrightarrow{BD}=(-2$,4,$0)$,$\overrightarrow{AE}=(0$,3,$3)$,$\overrightarrow{AF}=(2$,4,$2)$, 设平面$AEF$的法向量为$\overrightarrow{n}=(a$,$b$,$c)$,则$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\overrightarrow{n}\cdot \overrightarrow{AE}=3b+3c=0}\\ {\overrightarrow{n}\cdot \overrightarrow{AF\;}=2a+4b+2c=0}\end{array}\right.$,即$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{b=-c}\\ {b=-a}\end{array}\right.$, 令$a=1$,则$\overrightarrow{n}=(1$,$-1$,$1)$, 设两平面夹角为$\theta$,则$\cos \theta =\vert \cos < \overrightarrow{n},\overrightarrow{BD} > \vert =\dfrac{\vert \overrightarrow{n}\cdot \overrightarrow{BD}\vert }{\vert \overrightarrow{n}\vert \cdot \vert \overrightarrow{BD}\vert }=\dfrac{\vert 1\times (-2)+(-1)\times 4+1\times 0\vert }{\sqrt{3}\times 2\sqrt{5}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{15}}{5}$, 故平面$AEF$与平面$CEF$的夹角的余弦值为$\dfrac{\sqrt{15}}{5}$. (3)因为$\overrightarrow{AC}=(2$,4,$0)$,所以点$A$到平面$CEF$的距离:$d=\dfrac{\vert \overrightarrow{AC}\cdot \overrightarrow{BD}\vert }{\vert \overrightarrow{BD}\vert }=\dfrac{\vert -2\times 2+4\times 4\vert }{2\sqrt{5}}=\dfrac{6\sqrt{5}}{5}$, 又$S_{\triangle CEF}=\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot \vert CF\vert \cdot h=\dfrac{1}{2}\times 2\times \sqrt{{2}^{2}+{1}^{2}}=\sqrt{5}$, 所以三棱锥$ACEF$的体积$V=\dfrac{1}{3}\cdot S_{\triangle CEF}\cdot d=\dfrac{1}{3}\times \sqrt{5}\times \dfrac{6\sqrt{5}}{5}=2$. 〖点评〗本题考查利用空间向量判断线面的位置关系,求二面角和空间距离,属于中档题.
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