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2026年高考数学新高考Ⅰ-19

  2026-10-10 17:46:40  

(17分)已知函数$f(x)$的定义域为$R$,且当$x < 0$时,$f(x)=2^{x}$,对任意$x_{0}\in R$,定义集合$D(x_{0})=\{d\in R\vert f(x_{0}+d) > f(x_{0})\}$.
(1)当$x\geqslant 0$时,$f(x)=1-x$,求$D(-1)$;
(2)若$f(x)$是奇函数,$f(x_{1})\leqslant f(x_{2})$,且$x_{1}x_{2}\ne 0$,证明:$D(x_{2})\subseteq D(x_{1})$;
(3)设$f(x)$满足:①若$f(x_{1})\leqslant f(x_{2})$,则$D(x_{2})\subseteq D(x_{1})$;②当$0 < x < 1$时,$f(x) < f(0)$.
$(i)$证明:$f(0)\geqslant 1$;
$(ii)$证明:$f(x)$在区间$(0,+\infty )$单调递增.
〖答案〗(1)$\{d\vert 0 < d < \dfrac{3}{2}\}$;
(2)$\because f(x)$为奇函数,
$\therefore f(0)=0$,$x > 0$时,$f(x)=-f(-x)=-2^{-x}$,
$\therefore f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{{2}^{x},x <  0}\\ {0,x=0}\\ {-{2}^{-x},x >  0}\end{array}\right.$,
当$x < 0$时,$f(x)\in (0$,$1)$,$D(x)=\{d\vert f(x+d) > f(x)=2^{x}\}$,
$\therefore 2^{x+d} > 2^{x}$,
$\therefore x < x+d < 0$,
$\therefore 0 < d < -x$,
$\therefore D(x)=(0$,$-x)$,
当$x > 0$时,$f(x)\in (-1$,$0)$,$D(x)=\{d\vert f(x+d) > f(x)=-2^{-x}\}$,
$\therefore x+d > 0$时,$-2^{-x-d} > -2^{-x}$,$x+d\leqslant 0$时,恒成立,
$\therefore d > 0$或$d\leqslant -x$,
$\therefore D(x)=(-\infty$,$-x]\bigcup (0,+\infty )$,
$\because f(x_{1})\leqslant f(x_{2})$,且$x_{1}x_{2}\ne 0$,
①$x_{1} < 0$,$x_{2} < 0$时,${2}^{{x}_{1}}\leqslant {2}^{{x}_{2}}$,
$\therefore x_{1}\leqslant x_{2} < 0$,
$\therefore D(x_{1})=(0$,$-x_{1})\supseteq D(x_{2})=(0$,$-x_{2})$;
②$x_{1} > 0$,$x_{2} > 0$时,$-{2}^{-{x}_{1}}\leqslant -{2}^{-{x}_{2}}$,
$\therefore -x_{1}\geqslant -x_{2}$,
$\therefore 0 < x_{1}\leqslant x_{2}$,
$\therefore D(x_{1})=(-\infty$,$-x_{1}]\bigcup (0,+\infty )$,$D(x_{2})=(-\infty$,$-x_{2}]\bigcup (0,+\infty )$,
$\because (-\infty$,$-x_{1}]\supseteq (-\infty$,$-x_{2}]$,
$\therefore D(x_{1})\supseteq D(x_{2})$,
③$x_{1} < 0 < x_{2}$时,$f(x_{1}) > 0 > f(x_{2})$,不符合题意;
④$x_{2} < 0 < x_{1}$时,$f(x_{2}) > 0 > f(x_{1})$恒成立,
$\therefore D(x_{1})=(-\infty$,$-x_{1}]\bigcup (0,+\infty )$,$D(x_{2})=(0$,$-x_{2})$,
$\because (0$,$+\infty )\supseteq (0$,$-x_{2})$,
$\therefore D(x_{1})\supseteq D(x_{2})$,
综上所述,$D(x_{2})\subseteq D(x_{1})$;
(3)$(i)$假设$f(0) < 1$,
$\because x < 0$时,$f(x)=2^{x}\in (0,1)$,
$\therefore$存在$x_{0}\in (-2,0)$,使得$f(x_{0}) > f(0)$,
$\therefore D(0)\supseteq D(x_{0})$,
令$d=-\dfrac{{x}_{0}}{2}$,则$x_{0}+d=\dfrac{{x}_{0}}{2} < 0$,
$\therefore f(x_{0}+d)={2}^{{x}_{0}+d} > {2}^{{x}_{0}}=f(x_{0})$,
$\therefore d\in D(x_{0})$,
$\because x_{0}\in (-2,0)$,
$\therefore d\in (0,1)$,
$\therefore f$(d)$ < f(0)$,即$f(0+d) < f(0)$,
$\therefore d\notin D(0)$,与$D(0)\supseteq D(x_{0})$矛盾,
$\therefore f(0)\geqslant 1$;
$(ii)$取$0 < t < 1$,则$f(t) < f(0)=f[t+(-t)]$,
$\therefore -t\in D(t)$,
假设存在$a\in (-\infty ,0)$,使得$f$(a)$ < f(t)$,
$\therefore D$(a)$\supseteq D(t)$,
$\therefore -t\in D$(a),
$\therefore f(a-t) > f$(a),
即$2^{a-t} > 2^{a}$,
$\therefore a-t > a$,
$\therefore t < 0$,与$0 < t < 1$矛盾,
$\therefore$不存在$a\in (-\infty ,0)$,使得$f$(a)$ < f(t)$,
即$x\in (0,1)$时,$f(x)\leqslant 0$,
取$y\geqslant 1$,假设存在$b\in (-\infty ,0)$,使得$f$(b)$ < f(y)$,
$\therefore f[b+(y-b)]=f(y) > f$(b),
$\therefore y-b\in D$(b),
令$c=\dfrac{1}{2}-(y-b)$,
$\because y\geqslant 1$,$b < 0$,
$\therefore y-b > 1$,
$\therefore c < -\dfrac{1}{2} < b < 0$,
$\therefore f$(c)$=2^{c} < 2^{b}=f$(b),
$\therefore D$(c)$\supseteq D$(b),
$\therefore y-b\in D$(c),
$\therefore f(c+y-b)=f(\dfrac{1}{2}) > f$(c),
$\because$$\dfrac{1}{2}\in (0,1)$,$c < 0$,
$\therefore f(\dfrac{1}{2})\leqslant 0$,$f$(c)$ > 0$,与$f(\dfrac{1}{2}) > f$(c)矛盾,
$\therefore$当$x > 0$时,$f(x)\leqslant 0$,
取$0 < x_{1} < x_{2}$,则$x_{2}-x_{1} > 0$,
$\therefore -(x_{2}-x_{1})-1 < -1 < 0$,
$\therefore f[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1] > 0$,
$\because f(x_{1})\leqslant 0$,
$\therefore f(x_{1}) < f[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1]$,
$\therefore D(x_{1})\supseteq D[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1]$,
$\because -(x_{2}-x_{1})-1 < -1 < 0$,
$\therefore f[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1] < f(-1)=f[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1+(x_{2}-x_{1})]$,
$\therefore x_{2}-x_{1}\in D[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1]$,
$\therefore x_{2}-x_{1}\in D(x_{1})$,
$\therefore f(x_{1}+x_{2}-x_{1}) > f(x_{1})$,
即$f(x_{2}) > f(x_{1})$,
$\because 0 < x_{1} < x_{2}$,
$\therefore f(x)$在区间$(0,+\infty )$上单调递增.
〖分析〗(1)先求出$f(-1)$,然后根据两段函数解不等式即可;
(2)根据奇函数的定义,求出$f(x)$的表达式,然后结合$D(x)$的定义,根据$x_{1}$,$x_{2}$的正负分类讨论即可;
(3)$(i)$采用反证法,构造$x$取值,既满足条件①,又满足条件②,利用条件矛盾求证即可;
$(ii)$先利用反证法证明$x > 0$时,$f(x)\leqslant 0$,然后构造函数满足增函数的定义即可证明.
〖解答〗(1)解:$f(-1)=2^{-1}=\dfrac{1}{2}$,
$\therefore D(-1)=\{d\vert f(d-1) > \dfrac{1}{2}\}$,
当$d < 1$时,$f(d-1)=2^{d-1} > 2^{-1}$,
$\therefore d-1 > -1$,
$\therefore d > 0$,
当$d\geqslant 1$时,$f(d-1)=1-(d-1)=2-d > \dfrac{1}{2}$,
$\therefore d < \dfrac{3}{2}$,
$\therefore D(-1)=\{d\vert 0 < d < \dfrac{3}{2}\}$;
(2)证明:$\because f(x)$为奇函数,
$\therefore f(0)=0$,$x > 0$时,$f(x)=-f(-x)=-2^{-x}$,
$\therefore f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{{2}^{x},x <  0}\\ {0,x=0}\\ {-{2}^{-x},x >  0}\end{array}\right.$,
当$x < 0$时,$f(x)\in (0$,$1)$,$D(x)=\{d\vert f(x+d) > f(x)=2^{x}\}$,
$\therefore 2^{x+d} > 2^{x}$,
$\therefore x < x+d < 0$,
$\therefore 0 < d < -x$,
$\therefore D(x)=(0$,$-x)$,
当$x > 0$时,$f(x)\in (-1$,$0)$,$D(x)=\{d\vert f(x+d) > f(x)=-2^{-x}\}$,
$\therefore x+d > 0$时,$-2^{-x-d} > -2^{-x}$,$x+d\leqslant 0$时,恒成立,
$\therefore d > 0$或$d\leqslant -x$,
$\therefore D(x)=(-\infty$,$-x]\bigcup (0,+\infty )$,
$\because f(x_{1})\leqslant f(x_{2})$,且$x_{1}x_{2}\ne 0$,
①$x_{1} < 0$,$x_{2} < 0$时,${2}^{{x}_{1}}\leqslant {2}^{{x}_{2}}$,
$\therefore x_{1}\leqslant x_{2} < 0$,
$\therefore D(x_{1})=(0$,$-x_{1})\supseteq D(x_{2})=(0$,$-x_{2})$;
②$x_{1} > 0$,$x_{2} > 0$时,$-{2}^{-{x}_{1}}\leqslant -{2}^{-{x}_{2}}$,
$\therefore -x_{1}\geqslant -x_{2}$,
$\therefore 0 < x_{1}\leqslant x_{2}$,
$\therefore D(x_{1})=(-\infty$,$-x_{1}]\bigcup (0,+\infty )$,$D(x_{2})=(-\infty$,$-x_{2}]\bigcup (0,+\infty )$,
$\because (-\infty$,$-x_{1}]\supseteq (-\infty$,$-x_{2}]$,
$\therefore D(x_{1})\supseteq D(x_{2})$,
③$x_{1} < 0 < x_{2}$时,$f(x_{1}) > 0 > f(x_{2})$,不符合题意;
④$x_{2} < 0 < x_{1}$时,$f(x_{2}) > 0 > f(x_{1})$恒成立,
$\therefore D(x_{1})=(-\infty$,$-x_{1}]\bigcup (0,+\infty )$,$D(x_{2})=(0$,$-x_{2})$,
$\because (0$,$+\infty )\supseteq (0$,$-x_{2})$,
$\therefore D(x_{1})\supseteq D(x_{2})$,
综上所述,$D(x_{2})\subseteq D(x_{1})$;
(3)$(i)$证明:假设$f(0) < 1$,
$\because x < 0$时,$f(x)=2^{x}\in (0,1)$,
$\therefore$存在$x_{0}\in (-2,0)$,使得$f(x_{0}) > f(0)$,
$\therefore D(0)\supseteq D(x_{0})$,
令$d=-\dfrac{{x}_{0}}{2}$,则$x_{0}+d=\dfrac{{x}_{0}}{2} < 0$,
$\therefore f(x_{0}+d)={2}^{{x}_{0}+d} > {2}^{{x}_{0}}=f(x_{0})$,
$\therefore d\in D(x_{0})$,
$\because x_{0}\in (-2,0)$,
$\therefore d\in (0,1)$,
$\therefore f$(d)$ < f(0)$,即$f(0+d) < f(0)$,
$\therefore d\notin D(0)$,与$D(0)\supseteq D(x_{0})$矛盾,
$\therefore f(0)\geqslant 1$;
$(ii)$证明:取$0 < t < 1$,则$f(t) < f(0)=f[t+(-t)]$,
$\therefore -t\in D(t)$,
假设存在$a\in (-\infty ,0)$,使得$f$(a)$ < f(t)$,
$\therefore D$(a)$\supseteq D(t)$,
$\therefore -t\in D$(a),
$\therefore f(a-t) > f$(a),
即$2^{a-t} > 2^{a}$,
$\therefore a-t > a$,
$\therefore t < 0$,与$0 < t < 1$矛盾,
$\therefore$不存在$a\in (-\infty ,0)$,使得$f$(a)$ < f(t)$,
即$x\in (0,1)$时,$f(x)\leqslant 0$,
取$y\geqslant 1$,假设存在$b\in (-\infty ,0)$,使得$f$(b)$ < f(y)$,
$\therefore f[b+(y-b)]=f(y) > f$(b),
$\therefore y-b\in D$(b),
令$c=\dfrac{1}{2}-(y-b)$,
$\because y\geqslant 1$,$b < 0$,
$\therefore y-b > 1$,
$\therefore c < -\dfrac{1}{2}$,$c < b < 0$,
$\therefore f$(c)$=2^{c} < 2^{b}=f$(b),
$\therefore D$(c)$\supseteq D$(b),
$\therefore y-b\in D$(c),
$\therefore f(c+y-b)=f(\dfrac{1}{2}) > f$(c),
$\because$$\dfrac{1}{2}\in (0,1)$,$c < 0$,
$\therefore f(\dfrac{1}{2})\leqslant 0$,$f$(c)$ > 0$,与$f(\dfrac{1}{2}) > f$(c)矛盾,
$\therefore$当$x > 0$时,$f(x)\leqslant 0$,
取$0 < x_{1} < x_{2}$,则$x_{2}-x_{1} > 0$,
$\therefore -(x_{2}-x_{1})-1 < -1 < 0$,
$\therefore f[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1] > 0$,
$\because f(x_{1})\leqslant 0$,
$\therefore f(x_{1}) < f[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1]$,
$\therefore D(x_{1})\supseteq D[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1]$,
$\because -(x_{2}-x_{1})-1 < -1 < 0$,
$\therefore f[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1] < f(-1)=f[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1+(x_{2}-x_{1})]$,
$\therefore x_{2}-x_{1}\in D[-(x_{2}-x_{1})-1]$,
$\therefore x_{2}-x_{1}\in D(x_{1})$,
$\therefore f(x_{1}+x_{2}-x_{1}) > f(x_{1})$,
即$f(x_{2}) > f(x_{1})$,
$\because 0 < x_{1} < x_{2}$,
$\therefore f(x)$在区间$(0,+\infty )$上单调递增.
〖点评〗本题主要考查了函数恒成立问题,合理构造$x$值是解题的关键,属于难题.

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