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2022年高考数学新高考Ⅰ-7

  2022-12-15 15:50:45  

(5分)设$a=0.1e^{0.1}$,$b=\dfrac{1}{9}$,$c=-\ln 0.9$,则(  )
A.$a < b < c$              B.$c < b < a$              C.$c < a < b$              D.$a < c < b$
分析:构造函数$f(x)=\ln x+\dfrac{1}{x}$,$x > 0$,
设$g(x)=xe^{x}+\ln (1-x)(0 < x < 1)$,
则${g}'(x)=(x+1){e}^{x}+\dfrac{1}{x-1}=\dfrac{({x}^{2}-1){e}^{x}+1}{x-1}$,
令$h(x)=e^{x}(x^{2}-1)+1$,$h\prime (x)=e^{x}(x^{2}+2x-1)$,利用导数性质由此能求出结果.
解:构造函数$f(x)=\ln x+\dfrac{1}{x}$,$x > 0$,
则$f'(x)=\dfrac{1}{x}-\dfrac{1}{{x}^{2}}$,$x > 0$,
当$f'(x)=0$时,$x=1$,
$0 < x < 1$时,$f\prime (x) < 0$,$f(x)$单调递减;
$x > 1$时,$f\prime (x) > 0$,$f(x)$单调递增,
$\therefore f(x)$在$x=1$处取最小值$f$(1)$=1$,
$\therefore$$\ln x > 1-\dfrac{1}{x}$,
$\therefore \ln 0.9 > 1-\dfrac{1}{0.9}=-\dfrac{1}{9}$,$\therefore -\ln 0.9 < \dfrac{1}{9}$,$\therefore c < b$;
$\because -\ln 0.9=\ln \dfrac{10}{9} > 1-\dfrac{9}{10}=\dfrac{1}{10}$,$\therefore$$\dfrac{10}{9} > {e}^{0.1}$,
$\therefore 0.1e^{0.1} < \dfrac{1}{9}$,$\therefore a < b$;
设$g(x)=xe^{x}+\ln (1-x)(0 < x < 1)$,
则${g}'(x)=(x+1){e}^{x}+\dfrac{1}{x-1}=\dfrac{({x}^{2}-1){e}^{x}+1}{x-1}$,
令$h(x)=e^{x}(x^{2}-1)+1$,$h\prime (x)=e^{x}(x^{2}+2x-1)$,
当$0 < x < \sqrt{2}-1$时,$h\prime (x) < 0$,函数$h(x)$单调递减,
当$\sqrt{2}-1 < x < 1$时,$h\prime (x) > 0$,函数$h(x)$单调递增,
$\because h(0)=0$,$\therefore$当$0 < x < \sqrt{2}-1$时,$h(x) < 0$,
当$0 < x < \sqrt{2}-1$时,$g\prime (x) > 0$,$g(x)=xe^{x}+\ln (1-x)$单调递增,
$\therefore g(0.1) > g(0)=0$,$\therefore 0.1e^{0.1} > -\ln 0.9$,$\therefore a > c$,
$\therefore c < a < b$.
故选:$C$.
点评:本题考查三个数的大小的判断,考查构造法、导数性质等基础知识,考查运算求解能力,是难题.

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